| Abstract | Rizici prilikom kastracije obuhvaćaju perioperativne i postoperativne komplikacije.
Perioperativni rizici tijekom kastracije podrazumijevaju, između ostaloga, nestručnost
veterinara, neodgovarajući anesteziološki protokol, nedostatak postoperativne skrbi te
krvarenja, upale, stvaranje apscesa ili edema, evisceraciju organa te dehiscijenciju šavova.
Postoperativni rizici uključuju komplikacije uzrokovane samom operacijom, primjerice
zaostale jajnike, lažnu trudnoću ili opstrukciju mokraćovoda te različite komplikacije koje se
javljaju kasnije tijekom života. Od navedenih, među najznačajnije spadaju neoplazije koje se
češće javljaju kod kastriranih pasa nego kod kastriranih mačaka. Neke neoplazije kao što su
hemangiosarkom, osteosarkom, limfosarkom i mastocitom su čak do 3-4 puta češće kod
kastriranih pasa u odnosu na nekastrirane. Kastrirane kuje imaju i do devet puta veći rizik od
razvoja hemangiosarkoma od nekastriranih. Povećana pojava ortopedskih bolesti vezana je za
ranu kastraciju pasa i mačaka. Naime, uklanjanjem utjecaja spolnih hormona produljuje se
period sraštavanja epifiznih ploča cjevastih dugih kostiju, što nosi povećani rizik od rupture
prednjeg križnog ligamenta i displazije kuka kod pasa, dok su kod mačaka česti prijelomi
bedrene kosti. Od bolesti mokraćnog sustava značajna je urinarna inkontinencija kojoj su
posebno sklone kuje kastrirane prije 3. mjeseca života te bolesti donjih mokraćnih puteva kod
mačaka. Premda su kastrirane životinje tijekom života sklone razvoju brojnih endokrinoloških
bolesti, posebna sklonost postoji prema razvoju šećerne bolesti, pri čemu su kastrirane mačke
visokorizična skupina. Pretilost je poremećaj koji se vrlo često veže uz kastraciju te su joj sklone
sve vrste, a smatra se predisponirajućim čimbenikom razvoja endokrinoloških i ortopedskih
bolesti. Kastracija može utjecati i na ponašanje uz moguće pojačano iskazivanje agresije kuja
ili ubrzani razvoj simptoma demencije. Obzirom da na većinu navedenih rizika utječe više
čimbenika kao što su pasminska svojstva, spol, dob, genetika, tjelesna aktivnost, prehrana i
mnogi drugi, rizike prilikom kastracije vrlo je teško u potpunosti ukloniti. Shodno navedenom,
odluka o samom zahvatu prepuštena je veterinaru i vlasniku te se može i treba donijeti
isključivo na individualnoj razini. |
| Abstract (english) | Risks resulting from castration include perioperative and postoperative complications.
Perioperative risks during castration include, among other, the inexperience of the veterinarian,
inadequate anesthesia protocol, lack of postoperative care, bleeding, inflammation, abscess
formation or edema, organ evisceration, and suture dehiscence. Postoperative risks include
complications caused by the surgery itself, such as retained ovaries, false pregnancy, or ureteral
obstruction and complications that can occur during life. One of the most significant types of
complications is neoplasia which occur more often in neutered dogs than in neutered cats. Some
of the neoplasia, such as hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, lymphosarcoma and mast cell
tumors are even 3-4 times more common in castrated dogs compared to non-castrated ones,
while castrated bitches have up to nine times higher risk of developing hemangiosarcoma than
non-castrated ones. Orthopedic diseases seem to be linked with early castration of dogs and
cats. Namely, by removing the influence of sex hormones, the period of epiphyseal closure in
long tubular bones is prolonged, and for this reason, anterior cruciate ligament rupture and hip
dysplasia are very common in dogs, while proximal femoral physeal fractures are common in
cats. Among the diseases of the urinary system, it is important to single out urinary
incontinence, to which bitches castrated before the age of 3 months are especially prone, as well
as diseases of the lower urinary tract in cats. Although neutered animals are prone to
development of various endocrinological disorders there is a special tendency for diabetes
mellitus, where neutered cats are a high-risk group. Obesity is a disorder that is very often
associated with castration, and all species are prone to it. A significance of obesity lies in its
predisposition for development of endocrinological and orthopedic diseases, and therefore it is
very important to regulate it. Castration can also affect the behavior with possible increased
aggression of the bitch or accelerated development of dementia symptoms. Given that most of
the listed risks are influenced by several factors such as breed characteristics, sex, age, genetics,
physical activity, diet, and many others, they are very difficult to be completely avoided.
Consequently, the decision on the procedure itself is left to the veterinarian and the owner and
can only be made on an individual level. |
