| Abstract | U ovom diplomskom radu izdvojene su i opisane neoplazije testisa i prostate kod pasa te
neoplazije jajnika i maternice kod kuja. Za svaku od ovih neoplazija utvrđena je do sada poznata
incidencija te pasminska i dobna predispozicija. Pojavnost je teško pouzdano odrediti zbog
činjenice da je veliki broj pasa kastriran. Slijedi opis procesa onkogeneze u koji su uključene
mutacije protoonkogena i tumor supresijskih gena. Do ovih mutacija dolazi pod utjecanjem
kancerogena, ali one mogu nastati i spontano pri čemu često mogu biti i nasljedne. Za procjenu
malignosti tumora često se koristi TNM sustav klasifikacije. U nastavku su opisane vrste
neoplazija te njihove glavne karakteristike poput stupnja malignosti i hormonalne aktivnosti. Uz
to, istaknuti su i klinički simptomi te prognoza ishoda bolesti. Najznačajniji tumori testisa u pasa
su seminomi, tumori Sertolijevih stanica i tumori Leydigovih stanica. Uglavnom su to dobro
ograničeni, benigni tumori koji rijetko metastaziraju. Kriporhidni testisi imaju veću vjerojatnost
razvoja tumora, a najčešće su to tumori Sertolijevih stanica. Neoplazije prostate javljaju se vrlo
rijetko, a često su malignog karaktera s visokim metastatskim potencijalom. Najznačajniji je
adenokarcinom koji može metastazirati u koštano tkivo, jetru, slezenu, pluća, limfne čvorove,
srce i bubrege. Kod sumnje na tumor prostate važno je rektalnom palpacijom utvrditi promjene
u veličini i obliku žlijezde. Neoplazije jajnika uglavnom su podrijetlom od epitelnih, stromalnih
ili geminativnih stanica. Mogu se javiti bilateralno ili unilateralno, a klinički su najznačajniji
adenokarcinomi, tumori granuloza stanica, disgerminomi i teratokarcinomi. Neki od njih imaju
mogućnost stvaranja metastaza, a neki, poput tumora granuloza stanica, mogu biti i
endokrinološki aktivni. Izrazito rijetko kod kuja se javljaju neoplazije maternice od kojih je
najčešći benigni lejomiom. Za većinu benignih neoplazija prognoza je vrlo povoljna nakon
operacijskog zahvata, dok je kod malignih tumora prognoza mnogo lošija i ovisi o proširenosti
metastaza. Opisane su i najčešće korištene dijagnostičke metode te načini liječenja obzirom na
vrstu i ponašanje tumora. |
| Abstract (english) | In this thesis, neoplasms of the testicles and prostate in male dogs and neoplasms of the
ovaries and uterus in female dogs are isolated and described. The known incidence, breed
predisposition, and age predisposition for each of these neoplasms have been determined. The
prevalence is challenging to reliably determine due to the large number of castrated dogs. The
text then proceeds to describe the tumor development process, involving mutations of protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. These mutations occur under the influence of
carcinogens, but they can also occur spontaneously, often being hereditary. The TNM
classification system is commonly used to assess tumor malignancy. The text further describes
types of neoplasms and their main characteristics, such as malignancy grade and hormonal
activity. Clinical symptoms and prognosis of disease outcomes are highlighted. The most
significant tumors of the testicles in dogs are seminomas, Sertoli cell tumors, and Leydig cell
tumors. These are generally well-contained, benign tumors that rarely metastasize. Cryptorchid
testicles have a higher likelihood of tumor development, usually Sertoli cell tumors. Prostate
neoplasms are very rare but often malignant with high metastatic potential. The most significant
is adenocarcinoma, which can metastasize to bone tissue, liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes,
heart, and kidneys. In cases of suspected prostate tumors, it is important to use rectal palpation
to determine changes in the size and shape of the gland. Ovarian neoplasms mainly originate
from epithelial, stromal, or germinal cells. They can occur bilaterally or unilaterally, with
adenocarcinomas, granulosa cell tumors, dysgerminomas, and teratocarcinomas being clinically
significant. Some of them have the potential to metastasize, and some, like granulosa cell tumors,
can be endocrinologically active. Uterine neoplasms in female dogs are extremely rare, with the
most common being benign leiomyoma. For most benign neoplasms, the prognosis is very
favorable after surgical intervention, while for malignant tumors, the prognosis is much worse
and depends on the extent of metastasis. The text concludes by describing the most commonly
used diagnostic methods and treatment approaches based on the type and behavior of the tumor. |
