| Sažetak | Sivi puh, hrvatska je autohtona divljač iz reda glodavaca, porodice puhova. Ulovljeni puhovi koriste se kao izvor bjelančevina u prehrani ljudi, otopljena mast se tradicionalno koristi za pomoć pri cijeljenju rana, a od krzna se izrađuju različiti predmeti. Masne kiseline (MK) kroz različite biološke aktivnosti utječu na zdravlje, reprodukcju te su važne kao rizični faktor u nastanku kardiovaskularnih i neurodegenerativnih bolesti. Esencijalne MK, linolna kiselina (C 18:2n-6) iz porodice n-6 MK te -linolenska (C 18:3n-3) iz porodice n-3 u organizam se unose putem hrane. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi masnokiselinski sastav jetre, bubrega, srca, mišića m. gluteus superficijalis te potkožnog i abdominalnog masnog tkiva mužjaka i ženki što će omogućiti bolje poznavanje biologije ove vrste. Istraživanje je provedeno na 33 jedinke sivog puha od čega je bilo 18 jedinki ženskog spola i 15 jedinki muškog spola. Uzorci jetara, bubrega, srca, m. gluteus superficialis, potkožnog i abdominalnog masnog tkiva sakupljeni su u rujnu i listopadu 2017. godine tijekom lovne sezone. Uzorci tkiva su homogenizirani, ukupni lipidi ekstrahirani te je određen masnokiselinski sastav plinskom kromatografijom. Analizom tkiva jetre ustanovljeno je 15 različitih masnih kiselina. U tkivima oba spola najzastupljenija skupina su bile zasićene masne kiseline (SFA; 39,35±4,19% u ženki odnosno 36,58±6,37% u mužjaka). Druge po zastupljenosti višestrukonezasićene masne kiseline (PUFA; 27,99±6,59% u ženki odnosno 32,84±12,10% u mužjaka). Utvrđen je značajno veći postotak miristinske kiseline u ženki u odnosu na mužjake. Analizom bubrežnog tkiva utvrđeno je prisutnost 12 različitih masnih kiselina. U tkivu ženki dominiraju SFA (38,79±5,98% u ženki), a u tkivima mužjaka dominiraju jednostrukonezasićene masne kiseline (MUFA) (36,59±9,72%). Druga najzastupljenija skupina u ženki su bile jednostrukonezasićene masne kiseline (37,69±9,93%), a u mužjaka zasićene masne kiseline (36,00±6,45%). Najmanje zastupljena skupina su bile višestrukonezasićene masne kiseline (PUFA) (23,53±7,29%) u ženki odnosno (27,41±8,27%) u mužjaka. Analizom je utvrđen značajno viši udio PUFA/SFA u mužjaka u odnosu na ženke. Analizom mišićnog tkiva m. gluteus superficialis ustanovljena je prisutnost 13 različitih masnih kiselina. Najdominantija skupina u oba spola su bile MUFA (34,47±6,84% u ženki odnosno 30,16±10,12% u mužjaka). U ženki su druga najzastupljenija skupina bile SFA (25,79±3,58%), a u mužjaka višestrukonezasićene masne kiseline (30,05±12,05%). Mužjaci su imali značajno veće postotke PUFA i C22:5n3 u odnosu na ženske primjerke. Analizom srčanog mišića ustanovljena je prisutnost 12 različitih masnih kiselina. U najvećem postotku je bila zastupljena skupina PUFA (34,68±6,11% u ženki odnosno 40,34±7,91% u mužjaka). U najmanjem postotku je bila prisutna skupina SFA (31,95±7,99% u ženki odnosno 27,39±6,51% u mužjaka). U mužjaka su utvrđeni značajno veći postoci PUFA i C22:6n-3 su u odnosu na ženke. Značajno viši postotak vakcenske kiseline je utvrđen u masnokiselinskom sastavu ženskog spola u odnosu na muški. Analizom potkožnog masnog tkiva otkrivena je prisutnost 12 različitih masnih kiselina. Najzastupljenija skupina u oba spola su bile MUFA (56,22±17,21% u ženki odnosno 49,15±20,01% u mužjaka). Druga najzastupljenija skupina masnih kiselina su bile zasićene masne kiseline (21,97±10,54% u ženki odnosno 21,58±6,87% u mužjaka). Utvrđen je značajno veći postotak alfa-linolenske kiseline u mužjaka u odnosu na ženke. Također je uočen značajno veći postotak n-3 kod muških životinja u odnosu na ženke. Analizom abdominalnog masnog tkiva ustanovljena je prisutnost 9 različitih masnih kiselina. Najzsstupljenija skupina bile su MUFA (55,78±9,32% u ženki odnosno 49,01±14,36% u mužjaka). U najmanjem postotku bile su prisutne višestrukonezasićene masne kiseline (6,63±4,09% u ženki odnosno 15,04±17,34% u mužjaka). Kod muških jedinki je utvrđen značajno veći postotak C18:2; PUFA i n-6. U ženskih jedinki utvrđen je značajno viši postotak stearinske kiseline u odnosu na muške jedinke. Na osnovi rezultata može se zaključiti kako ububrezima, mišiću m. gluteus superficialis, potkožnom i abdominalnom masnom tkivu najzastupljenije su MUFA koje se unose hranom i sintetiziraju u organizmu sivog puha koje omogućavaju preživljavanje tijekom hibernacije. Visoki udio PUFA u srčanom mišiću jer su važne za dostizanje nižih jelesnih temperatura i usporavanje intenziteta metabolizma, a udio linolne MK u srcu i u ženki i u mužjaka je visok zbog zastupljenosti kardiolipina srca koji se nalazi u mitohondrijima. Prisutnost esencijalne MK, C18:3n-3 u potkožnom i abdominalnom masnom tkivu te m. gluteus superficialis važan je nalaz zbog činjenice da je sivi puh u Hrvatskoj divljač koja se tradicionalno konzumira te je dobar izvor ove MK. U bubrezima je utvrđen visoki postotni udio C20:4n-6 te je bio veći 2-4 puta u odnosu na druga tkiva zbog toga što je arahidonska kiselina prekursor za sintezu prostaglandina koji utječu na filtraciju i reapsorpciju u bubregu. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Edible dormouse is a Croatian autochthonous game from the order of rodents, the family of gliridae. Meat of edible dormouse is used as a source of protein in the human diet, melted fat is traditionally used to help in wound healing, and various products are made from fur. Fatty acids (FA) through various biological activities affect health, reproduction and are important as a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Essential FA, linoleic acid (C 18: 2n-6) from the n-6 FA family and -linolenic (C 18: 3n-3) from the n-3 family are taken into the body through food. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition of the liver, kidneys, heart, tissue of the m. gluteus superficialis and subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue of males and females, to enable better knowledge of the biology of this species. The study was conducted on 33 individuals of edible dormouse, of which 18 were females and 15 males. Samples of liver, kidney, heart, m.gluteus superficialis, subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue were collected in September and October 2017 during the hunting season. Tissue samples were homogenized, total lipids were extracted, and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Liver tissue analysis showed 15 different FAs. In the tissues of both sexes, the most represented group were saturated fatty acids (SFA; 39.35 ± 4.19% in females and 36.58 ± 6.37% in males). Second most abundant were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 27.99 ± 6.59% in females and 32.84 ± 12.10% in males). A significantly higher percentage of myristic acid was found in females compared to males. Analysis of kidney tissue showed the presence of 12 different FAs. SFA (38.79 ± 5.98% in females) dominated in female tissue, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (36.59 ± 9.72%) dominated in male tissues. The second most represented group in females were MUFA (37.69 ± 9.93%), and in males SFA (36.00 ± 6.45%). The least represented group were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (23.53 ± 7.29%) in females and (27.41 ± 8.27%) in males. The analysis showed a significantly higher proportion of PUFA / SFA in males compared to females. Analysis of the m. gluteus superficialis muscle tissue revealed the presence of 13 different fatty acids. The most dominant groups in both sexes were MUFA (34.47 ± 6.84% in females and 30.16 ± 10.12% in males, respectively). In females, the second most common group were SFA (25.79 ± 3.58%), and in males PUFA (30.05 ± 12.05%). Males had significantly higher percentages of PUFA and C22:5n3 compared to female specimens. Analysis of the heart muscle showed the presence of 12 different fatty acids. The largest percentage was represented by the PUFA group (34.68 ± 6.11% in females and 40.34 ± 7.91% in males). The smallest percentage was the SFA group (31.95 ± 7.99% in females and 27.39 ± 6.51% in males). Significantly higher percentages of PUFA and C22: 6n-3 were found in males compared to females. A significantly higher percentage of vaccine acid was found in the FA composition of females compared to males. Subcutaneous adipose tissue analysis revealed the presence of 12 different fatty acids. The most represented group in both sexes were MUFA (56.22 ± 17.21% in females and 49.15 ± 20.01% in males). The second most common group of fatty acids were SFA (21.97 ± 10.54% in females and 21.58 ± 6.87% in males). A significantly higher percentage of alpha-linolenic acid was found in males compared to females. A significantly higher percentage of n-3 was also observed in male animals compared to females. Analysis of abdominal adipose tissue revealed the presence of 9 different fatty acids. The most common groups were MUFA (55.78 ± 9.32% in females and 49.01 ± 14.36% in males). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the lowest percentage (6.63 ± 4.09% in females and 15.04 ± 17.34% in males, respectively). In males, a significantly higher percentage of C18:2, PUFA and n-6 was found. A significantly higher percentage of stearic acid was found in females compared to males. Based on the results, it can be concluded that in the kidneys, m.gluteus superficialis, subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue the most dominant fatty acids are MUFA which are ingested by food and synthesized in the body of edible dormouse which helps with survival during hibernation. The high proportion of PUFA in the heart muscle is due to lower body temperatures reaching and slowing the metabolic rate. The proportion of linoleic FA in the heart in both females and males is high due to the presence of cardiac cardiolipin found in mitochondria. The presence of essential FA, C18: 3n-3 in subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue and m. gluteus superficialis is an important finding due to the fact that edible dormouse in Croatia is a game that is traditionally consumed and is a good source of this FA. A high percentage of C20: 4n-6 was found in the kidneys and was 2-4 times higher than in other tissues because arachidonic acid is a precursor of the prostaglandin synthesis who affect filtration and reabsorption in the kidney. |
