Rendgenološka i ultrazvučna dijagnostika srčanih bolesti mačaka

master's thesis

• Title (english): Radiography and Echocardiography of Feline Heart Diseases
• Author: Staša Pintarić
• Mentor: Hrvoje Capak (mentor)
• Committee member: Zoran Vrbanac (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Ljiljana Bedrica (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Hrvoje Capak (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; (Department of Radiology, Ultrasound Diagnostic and Physical Therapy); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2020-09-28, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Clinical Sciences

Abstract

Rendgenološka i ultrazvučna pretraga dio su dijagnostike srčanih bolesti koje se mogu javiti kao kongenitalne (uroĎene) i stečene. Kongenitalne bolesti mogu nastati na endokardu, velikim krvnim ţilama i srčanim zaliscima ili mogu uzrokovati miješanje arterijske i venske krvi (stvaranje tzv. šantova). U kongenitalne mane ubrajaju se subaortalna stenoza, pulmonalna stenoza, patentni ductus arteriosus, displazije atrioventrikularnih zalistaka, ventrikularni i atrijski septalni defekt, tetralogija Fallot, perzistentni desni luk aorte i endokardijalna fibroelastoza. Kardiomiopatije ili bolesti miokarda dolaze u obliku idiopatske hipertrofične, dilatativne i restriktivne kardiomiopatije, kao aritmogena kardiomiopatija desnog ventrikula i miokarditisa, a kortikosteroidi takoĎer mogu uzrokovati oštećenja miokarda. Bolesti perikarda dolaze u obliku peritoneoperikardijalne hernije i perikardijalnih izljeva. Srčane neoplazije su rijetke i obično se javljaju u obliku limfoma.
Uvijek se rade dvije RTG projekcije prsnog koša – lateralna i dorzoventralna/ventrodorzalna. Siluetu srca zajedno čine srce, perikard sa sadrţajem, početak aorte i plućno deblo, a rubovi siluete su u zdravih ţivotinja glatki. RTG pretragom mogu se odrediti veličina i oblik srca, promjene na plućima (izljev, edem) i poloţaj srčanih komora. Omogućena je i procjena okolnih struktura kao što je npr. dušnik, zato što odreĎene bolesti srca uzrokuju pomicanje tih struktura ili neku drugu vidljivu promjenu na istima. Ultrazvučnom se dijagnostikom omogućava mjerenje veličine komora i debljine njihovih stijenki, a identificiraju se patološki šantovi i displazije zalistaka. M-prikaz omogućava i procjenu kontraktilnosti miokarda ventrikula (tzv. frakcija skraćenja) i rabi se voĎena 2-D prikazom. Color-Doppler oblik je ultrazvučne pretrage pomoću koje se odreĎuje brzina strujanja krvi kroz srce i uočavaju patologije koje uzrokuju ubrzano strujanje krvi ili mijenjaju njen smjer.
Razumijevanje nalaza navedenih pretraga ovisi o znanju i iskustvu dijagnostičara, kao i o korelaciji s anamnezom, kliničkom slikom, elektrokardiogramom i laboratorijskim pretragama.

Abstract (english)

Radiographic and echocardiographic examination are a part of heart disease diagnostics which can occur as congenital or aquired. Congenital heart defects can occur in endocradium, major blood vessels and valves, or they can cause abnormal mixing of arterial and venous blood flow. Congenital heart defects are subaortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular valve dysplasia, ventricular and atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, persistent right aortic arch and endocardial fibroelastosis. Cardiomyopaties can manifest as idiopathic hypertrofic, dilated and restrictive cardiomyopathy, as well as arythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Corticosteroids can also cause myocardial disease. Pericardial defects occur as peritoneopericardial hernia and pericardial effusion. Heart tumors occur rarely, mostly as lymphoma. Thoracic radiographs should always be made in two views – lateral and dorsoventral/ventrodorsal. The cardiac silhouette includes the heart, pericardium with its content, origin of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The outline of the cardiac silhouette in healthy animals is smooth. The size and shape of the heart, changes in the lungs (effusion, oedema) and chamber position can all be evaluated on radiograph. Estimation of the surrounding structures is also possible, such as of trachea, considering specific heart diseases can cause dyslocation of those structures or some other changes. Echocardiography is used for evaluating chamber size and wall thickness, as well as for identification of abnormal shunts and valve dysplasia. M-mode is used for evaluation of myocard contractility, also known as „left ventricular fractional shortening“. The 2-D imaging mode should guide accurate placement of the M-mode cursor. Color-Doppler is a type of ultrasonographic exam which allows blood velocity measurement and the identification of defects that cause abnormal blood flow.
Veterinarian's knowledge and skill as well as the corelation of the results with patient history, clinical findings, ECG and laboratory results are needed for understanding radiographic and echocardiographic features.

• Keywords: radiografija; ehokardiografija; uroĎene srčane bolesti; stečene srčane bolesti; mačke
• Keywords (english): echocardiography; congenital heart diseases; aquired heart diseases; cats
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:178:350855
• Study programme: Title: Veterinary Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica veterinarske medicine (doktor/doktorica veterinarske medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2020-12-09 18:08:36